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Q2Section A (Section A)2 of 60

Real characteristic roots of a circulant

Let a,b,ca,b,c be real numbers with b≠cb\neq c. Define the matrix M=(abc cab bca).M=\begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \ c & a & b \ b & c & a \end{pmatrix}. Then the number of characteristic roots of MM that are real is

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