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Q167Section III (Statistics)167 of 190

Bias of the ratio estimator from Cov⁡(r,xˉ)=Yˉ−Xˉ E(r)\operatorname{Cov}(r,\bar x)=\bar Y-\bar X\,E(r)

Let r=yˉ/xˉr=\bar y/\bar x denote the ratio of the sample means of the variable yy and of the auxiliary variable xx. The sample is a SRSWOR sample of size nn. Let f=n/Nf=n/N and Xˉ\bar X be the population mean of the auxiliary variable xx. Let R=Yˉ/XˉR=\bar Y/\bar X. By considering Cov⁡(r,xˉ)\operatorname{Cov}(r,\bar x), the bias of rr, as an estimator of R, is given by:

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